"Does the Apple iPhone synchronize with MS Outlook?"

The iPhone can sync Contacts and Calendar events to and from Microsoft Outlook on Windows to the iPhone both ways. For tips on how to set it up, read this document.

You can also sync emails, depending how what type of email service you use. If your email provider supports IMAP (learn more about IMAP) then items that you check on the iPhone will be marked as read on your desktop, and vice versa. You can also organize emails into folders that will be the same on both the iPhone and Desktop, because with IMAP all of your email is contained on the server rather than downloading each message to your computer and then deleting it off the server.

Apple just announced a week or two ago that in a software update that will come out the middle of this year that they are adding full support for Microsoft Exchange syncing by licensing Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync. So, if your email is provided by a large business that uses Exchange it will add full support for automatically syncing all of your emails, contacts, calendar events, etc with push technology (emails are automatically pushed to the phone a Blackberry rather than the phone having to check for new email every 15 minutes) and everything will be completely synced at all times. That software update will also include the ability for 3rd party developers to create applications for the iPhone, which may open up other possibilities for syncing between different types of email services or Microsoft products.